Mineral exploration: Geophysical methods, such as electrical and electromagnetic surveys, gravity and magnetic surveys, and seismic surveys, are commonly used in mineral exploration to locate mineral deposits and to define their extent, geometry, and characteristics.
Oil and gas exploration: Geophysical methods, such as seismic surveys, electromagnetic surveys, and gravity surveys, are commonly used in oil and gas exploration to locate and map the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs.
Engineering and construction: Geophysical methods, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic surveys, are commonly used in engineering and construction projects to map the subsurface and to assess the condition of structures, such as bridges and buildings.
Environmental studies: Geophysical methods, such as electrical and electromagnetic surveys, GPR, and TDEM, are commonly used in environmental studies to map the distribution of contaminants and to monitor the subsurface hydrology.
Archaeology: Geophysical methods, such as GPR and magnetic surveys, are commonly used in archaeology to locate and map buried features and artifacts without the need for excavation.
Natural hazards: Geophysical methods, such as seismic surveys and gravity surveys, are commonly used in the study of natural hazards, such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic eruptions, to monitor and predict these events and to assess their potential impact on human populations.
Climate change: Geophysical methods, such as satellite remote sensing and gravity surveys, are commonly used in the study of climate change to monitor changes in the Earth’s surface and atmosphere and to assess the impact of these changes on the environment and human populations.